carbamazepine

Generic name: Carbamazepine
Available as: Carbamazepine: tablets 100mg, 200mg, 400mg.
Carbagen SR (modified release): 200mg, 400mg.
Tegretol: tablets 100mg, 200mg, 400mg, chewtabs 100mg, 200mg, liquid (sugar free) 100mg/5ml, suppositories 125mg, 250mg.
​Tegretol Prolonged Release: tablets 200mg, 400mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 800mg – 1200mg divided into up to 4 doses a day, up to 2000mg. (Liquid is given as 3 doses a day). Tegretol Prolonged Release is usually taken twice a day.
Doses per day: 2 – 4
Treatment: Effective for focal seizures and primary tonic clonic and secondarily generalised tonic clonic seizures. May worsen absence and myoclonic seizures
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash. Dry mouth, nausea, vomiting, fluid retention, unsteadiness, dizziness, drowsiness, fatigue, headache, low sodium in the blood, blood disorders, dermatitis, and hives.

Children

Average total daily dose: 1 month – 12 years: 5mg/kg 2 – 3 times daily, up to 20mg/kg daily has been used. 12 years and over: 200 – 400mg 2 – 3 times daily, up to 1800mg.
Doses per day: 1 – 3
Treatment: Effective for tonic clonic seizures, and focal seizures with or without secondarily generalised tonic clonic seizures. May worsen myoclonic and absence seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash if allergic to carbamazepine. Blurred vision, double vision, dizziness and unsteadiness to start with or if dose is too high. Nausea and vomiting, drowsiness, headache, confusion and agitation.

< Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publishing. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

piracetam

Generic name: Piracetam
Brand names (also available as): Nootropil: tablets 800mg, 1200mg, oral solution 333.3mg/ml (take with water to reduce the bitter taste).

Adults

Average total daily dose: From 16 years: up to 24g daily divided into 2 or 3 doses.
Doses per day: 2 – 3
Treatment: Used for myoclonic seizures where other treatment has not worked.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Rash. Weight gain, nervousness, and overactive restlessness.

Children

Piracetam is not used in children under 16 years.

< Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information..
  

phenobarbital

Generic name: Phenobarbital
Available as: Phenobarbital: tablets 15mg, 30mg, 60mg, elixir 15mg/5ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 60mg – 180mg daily at night.
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Effective for focal and tonic clonic seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Rash. Hepatitis, low blood pressure, drowsiness, lethargy, depression, unsteadiness, and impaired memory or cognition.

Children

Average total daily dose: 1 month – 12 years: 2.5 – 4mg/kg once or twice daily. From 12 years: 60 – 180mg once daily.
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Effective for all seizure types except typical absences.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Drowsiness may happen to start with, sedation and slowed thought may be long-lasting. Lethargy, depression, ataxia (shaky movements), aggression and behavioural problems.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

phenytoin

Generic name: Phenytoin
Available as: Epanutin: chewable infatabs 50mg, oral suspension 30mg/5ml.
Phenytoin: tablets 100mg.
​Phenytoin Sodium Flynn: hard capsules 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 300mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 200mg – 500mg daily divided into 1 or 2 doses
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Effective for focal and tonic clonic seizures. Ineffective against absences. Blood testing is essential to guide the doses.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, drowsiness, insomnia, nervousness, tremor, pins and needles, dizziness, headache, anorexia, gum problems, acne, excess hair growth, and coarsening of facial features.

Children

Average total daily dose: 1 month – 12 years: 7.5mg/kg twice daily or 300mg daily. From 12 years: 150 – 200mg twice daily to max 300mg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Effective for all seizure types except absence seizures. Blood testing is essential as the relationship between dose and blood level is complex.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash if allergic to phenytoin. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, insomnia (not able to sleep), tremor, pins and needles, dizziness and headache. Can cause coarse facial features, acne, hirsutism (excess hair) and overgrowth of gums if used over a long time.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

pregabalin

Generic name: Pregabalin
Available as): Lyrica: capsules 25mg, 50mg, 75mg, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, 225mg, 300mg, oral solution 20mg/ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: From 18 years: 300mg daily divided into 2 – 3 doses, up to 600mg daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Dry mouth, constipation, vomiting, wind, fluid retention, dizziness, irritability, low attention, muscle and movement problems, speech disorder, impaired memory, pins and needles, euphoria, confusion, insomnia, blurred or double vision, and sexual dysfunction.

Children

Pregabalin is not used for children under 18 years.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

primidone

Generic name: Primidone
Available as: Primidone: tablets 50mg, 250mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 750mg – 1500mg daily divided into 2 doses.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Effective for all seizure types except typical absences
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Rash. Hepatitis, low blood pressure, drowsiness, lethargy, depression, unsteadiness, impaired memory or cognition, and nausea.

Children

Primidone is not often used in children.
Average total daily dose: Up to 2 years: 125 – 250mg twice daily. 2 – 5 years: 250 – 375mg twice daily. 5 – 9 years: 375 – 500mg twice daily. 9 years and over: up to 750mg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Effective for all seizure types except absence seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Drowsiness, lethargy, depression, psychosis, ataxia (shaky movements) and behavioural problems.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

retigabine

Generic name: Retigabine
Available as: Trobalt: tablets 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, 300mg, 400mg.

Adults

Retigabine is not widely prescribed due to possible side effects.
Average total daily dose: From 18 years: 600mg – 1200mg daily divided into 3 doses.
Doses per day: 3
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Dizziness, sleepiness, fatigue, weight gain, confusion, anxiety, tremor, double or blurred vision, nausea, constipation, and problems urinating. Retigabine can cause problems with heart rhythm (consult your doctor).

Children

Retigabine is not used for children under 18 years of age.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

rufinamide

Generic name: Rufinamide
Available as): Inovelon: tablets 100mg, 200mg, 400mg, oral suspension 40mg/ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 900mg – 1600mg (depending on body weight and whether also taking sodium valproate) twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Hypersensitivity syndrome (possibly including rash and fever) – if concerned seek immediate medical attention. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, constipation, indigestion, abdominal pain, weight loss, anorexia, runny nose, nosebleeds, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, insomnia, anxiety, tiredness, flu-like symptoms, and blurred or double vision.

Children

Average total daily dose: From 4 years: (body weight under 30kg): 500mg twice daily (or 300mg twice daily if taking with sodium valproate).
For body weight 30kg and over different doses will apply
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, rhinitis (runny nose), weight loss and dizziness.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

sodium valproate

Generic name: Sodium valproate
Available as: Convulex (valproic acid enteric coated): capsules 150mg, 300mg, 500mg.
Epilim: tablets 200mg, 500mg, crushable tablets 100mg, liquid (sugar free) 200mg/5ml, syrup 200mg/5ml.
Epilim Chrono: tablets 200mg, 300mg, 500mg.
Epilim Chronosphere: (granules) 50mg, 100mg, 250mg, 500mg, 750mg, 1000mg.
Episenta (prolonged release): capsules 150mg, 300mg, granules 500mg, 1000mg.
Epival: modified release tablets 300mg, 500mg.
​Sodium valproate: crushable tablets 100mg, 200mg, 500mg, oral solution 200mg/5ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 1000mg – 2000mg daily divided into 1 or 2 doses, up to 2500mg daily.
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Effective for all types of seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Hair loss – not usually severe and is usually reversible if the dose is reduced. Nausea, stomach upset, diarrhoea, and weight gain (due to increased appetite), increased levels of ammonia in the blood, and reduced platelets in the blood. Has been associated with polycystic ovaries and menstrual problems. Sodium valproate carries a higher risk than other AEDs of causing developmental problems in unborn babies if taken during pregnancy. Having preconceptual counselling is recommended.

Children

Average total daily dose: 1 month – 12 years: 25 – 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses. Up to 60mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses for infantile spasms.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Effective for all forms of seizures including infantile spasms.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Hair loss – not usually severe and is usually reversible if the dose is reduced. Nausea, stomach upset, diarrhoea, and weight gain (due to increased appetite). Hyperactivity and behaviour problems. Has been associated with polycystic ovaries and menstrual problems.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

stiripentol

Generic name: Stiripentol
Available as: Diacomit: capsules 250mg, 500mg, powder sachets 250mg, 500mg.

Adults

Stiripentol is generally only used for children (see below).

Children

Average total daily dose: From 3 years: 50mg/kg/day divided into 2 – 3 doses.
Doses per day: 2 – 3
Treatment: Add-on therapy for tonic clonic seizures for children with severe myoclonic epilepsy in infancy (SMEI or Dravet syndrome) where other treatment has not worked.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Nausea, vomiting, aggression, anorexia, ataxia (shaky movements), drowsiness and excitability.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.

tiagabine

Generic name: Tiagabine
Available as: Gabitril: tablets 5mg, 10mg, 15mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: With enzyme-inducing AEDs: 30 – 45mg daily divided into 2 – 3 doses. Without enzyme-inducing AEDs: 15 – 30mg daily divided into 2 – 3 doses.
Doses per day: 1 – 3
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation where other treatment has not worked. May make myoclonic seizures worse.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Diarrhoea, dizziness, tiredness, nervousness, tremor, concentration problems, emotional reactions, and speech impairment.

Children

Tiagabine is not used for children.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

topiramate

Generic name: Topiramate
Available as: Topiramate: tablets 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, capsules 15mg, 25mg, 50mg.
​Topamax: tablets 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, sprinkle capsules 15mg, 25mg, 50mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: Taken alone: 100mg daily (up to 18 years) or 100 – 200mg daily (over 18 years). Taken with other AEDs: 5 – 9mg/kg daily (up to 18 years) or 200 – 400mg daily (over 18 years). All divided into 2 doses.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Used for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation and tonic clonic seizures, where other treatment has not worked. Topiramate has a licence for monotherapy but is not widely used as a first line drug
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Rash. Nausea, diarrhoea, vomiting, constipation, indigestion, abdominal pain, dry mouth, appetite changes, impaired attention, cognition and coordination, movement problems, tremor, drowsiness, dizziness, anxiety, confusion, mood changes, depression, irritability, and anaemia.

Children

Average total daily dose: Monotherapy (from 6 years): 50mg twice daily up to 250mg twice daily. Add-on therapy (from 2 years): 2.5 – 4.5mg/kg twice daily up to 200mg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Monotherapy for generalised tonic clonic seizures or focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation. Add-on therapy for generalised tonic clonic seizures or focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation and for Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Headache, drowsiness, dizziness, weight loss and pins and needles. Slowed thought and speech may occur. Some cases of eye problems have been reported within one month of starting treatment.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

vigabatrin

Generic name: Vigabatrin
Available as: Sabril: tablets 500mg, powder (sugar free) 500mg/sachet.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 2000mg – 3000mg daily divided into 1 or 2 doses.
Doses per day:  1 – 2
Treatment: Effective for focal seizures with or without secondarily generalised seizures where other treatment has not worked. Used for West syndrome with Tuberous Sclerosis. May worsen absence and myoclonic seizures. Not widely prescribed due to possible side effects.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Nausea, abdominal pain, fluid retention, drowsiness, fatigue, agitation, dizziness, headache, nervousness, depression, aggression, impaired concentration or memory, tremor, and weight gain. Visual field defects have been reported in some adults: visual fields should be checked every six months. Talk to your GP or neurologist if you are concerned about this.

Children

Average total daily dose: Add-on therapy (from 1 month): 30 – 40mg/kg twice daily, (1 month – 2 years): up to 75mg/kg twice daily or (2 – 12 years): 1.5g twice daily. Monotherapy (1 month – 2 years): 40 – 50mg/kg twice daily, up to 75mg/kg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation where other treatment has not worked. Monotherapy for infantile spasms. Particularly useful in Tuberous Sclerosis. May worsen absence and myoclonic seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Drowsiness, fatigue, nausea, behaviour and mood changes. Visual field defects have been reported in some adults: visual fields should be checked every six months.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

zonisamide

Generic name: Zonisamide
Available as: Zonegran: capsules 25mg, 50mg, 100mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: From 18 years: 300mg – 500mg daily divided into 1 or 2 doses.
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash. Nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, constipation, indigestion, anorexia, weight loss, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, agitation, irritability, depression, psychosis, and unsteadiness.

Children

Average total daily dose: From 6 years.  Body weight 20 – 55kg: 6 – 8mg/kg daily. Body weight over 55kg: 300 – 500mg daily.
Doses per day: 1
Treatment: Add-on therapy for partial seizures with or without secondary generalisation.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash. Nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, constipation, indigestion, anorexia, weight loss, drowsiness, dizziness, confusion, agitation, irritability, depression, psychosis, and unsteadiness.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

perampanel

Generic name: Perampanel
Available as: Fycompa: tablets 2mg, 4mg, 6mg, 8mg, 10mg, 12mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: 4 – 8mg once a day, up to 12mg.
Doses per day: 1
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Dizziness, sleepiness, loss of or increased appetite, aggression, anger, anxiety, confusion, unsteadiness, speech difficulties, balance disorder, irritability, blurred or double vision, vertigo, nausea, back pain, walking difficulty, fatigue, weight gain, and risk of falling

Children

Perampanel is not used in children.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

oxcarbazepine

Generic name: Oxcarbazepine
Available as: Oxcarbazepine: tablets 150mg, 300mg, 600mg.
​Trileptal: tablets 150mg, 300mg, 600mg, oral suspension 60mg/ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: Up to 18 years: 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 or 3 doses, up to 46mg/kg. From 18 years: 600mg – 2400mg daily divided into 2 or 3 doses.
Doses per day: 2 – 3
Treatment: Effective for focal seizures, tonic clonic seizures and secondarily generalised tonic clonic seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, dizziness, headache, drowsiness, agitation, amnesia, hair loss, weakness, unsteadiness, confusion, depression, and tremor.

Children

Average total daily dose: From 6 years: 15mg/kg twice daily. Max 23mg/kg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Monotherapy and add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondarily generalised tonic clonic seizures.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Skin rash if allergic to oxcarbazepine. Nausea, vomiting, constipation, diarrhoea, dizziness, headache, double vision and drowsiness.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

nitrazepam

Generic name: nitrazepam
Available as: Nitrazepam: tablets 5mg, oral suspension 2.5mg/5ml.

Adults

Nitrazepam is not used for adults.

Children

Average total daily dose: 1 month – 2 years: 0.25mg/kg twice daily, up to 0.5mg/kg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2 – 3
Treatment: Effective for infantile spasms only.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Drowsiness, confusion and ataxia (shaky movements).

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

levetiracetam

Generic name: Levetiracetam
Available as: Desitrend: granules 250mg, 500mg, 1000mg.
Keppra: tablets 250mg, 500mg, 750mg, 1000mg, oral solution 100mg/ml.
​Levetiracetam: tablets 250mg, 500mg, 750mg, 1000mg, oral solution 100mg/ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: Up to 1500mg twice daily.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Monotherapy and add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation. Add-on therapy for myoclonic seizures in Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Anorexia, weight changes, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, drowsiness, unsteadiness, dizziness, headache, tremor, amnesia, aggression, agitation, depression, anxiety, and double or blurred vision.

Children

Average total daily dose: 1 – 6 months: up to 21mg/kg twice daily. 6 months and over: up to 30mg/kg twice daily (if body weight under 50kg). From 12 years: up to 1500mg twice daily (if body weight over 50kg).
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal, myoclonic and tonic clonic seizures.

Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, anorexia, weight changes, dizziness, drowsiness and behaviour change.

 

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

 

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

lamotrigine

Generic name: Lamotrigine
Available as: Lamictal: tablets 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, dispersible tablets 2mg, 5mg, 25mg, 100mg.
Lamotrigine: tablets 25mg, 50mg, 100mg, 200mg, dispersible tablets 5mg, 25mg, 100mg.

Adults

Average total daily dose: Used alone: 100 – 200mg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses, up to 500mg.
With sodium valproate: 100 – 200mg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses.
With enzyme-inducing AEDs and without sodium valproate: 200 – 400mg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses, up to 700mg.
Without enzyme-inducing AEDs and without sodium valproate: 100 – 200mg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses.
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Monotherapy and add-on therapy for focal and generalised seizures. Also used for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Serious skin rash and hypersensitivity. Risk minimised with slow introduction. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, dry mouth, aggression, agitation, headache, drowsiness, dizziness, tremor, difficulty sleeping, unsteadiness, back pain, joint pain, eye movements, double vision, and blurred vision.

Children

Average total daily dose: From 2 years. ​Used alone: 1 – 10mg/kg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses, up to 15mg/kg.
With sodium valproate: 1 – 5mg/kg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses, up to 200mg.
With enzyme-inducing AEDs and without sodium valproate: 5 – 15mg/kg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses, up to 400mg.
Without enzyme-inducing AEDs and without sodium valproate: 1 – 10mg/kg daily divided into 1 – 2 doses, up to 200mg.
Doses per day: 1 – 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures, and primary and secondarily generalised tonic clonic seizures. Also used for seizures associated with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome. Monotherapy for typical absence seizures
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Serious skin rash and hypersensitivity if allergic to lamotrigine. Risk minimised with slow introduction. Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, headache, fatigue (tiredness), dizziness and sleep disturbance. Tremor may occur when taken with sodium valproate and may reduce as dose is changed.

<Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.
  

lacosamide

Generic name: Lacosamide
Available as: Vimpat: tablets 50mg, 100mg, 150mg, 200mg, syrup 10mg/ml.

Adults

Average total daily dose: From 16 years: 200mg twice a day.
Doses per day: 2
Treatment: Add-on therapy for focal seizures with or without secondary generalisation.
Most common possible side effects include the following. Report severe reactions, such as a skin rash, to your doctor.
Nausea, vomiting, constipation, wind, dizziness, headache, impaired coordination, drowsiness, tremor, depression, fatigue, abnormal walking, blurred vision, abnormal eye movements, and itching.

Children

Lacosamide is not used in children under 16 years of age.

< Back to list of anti-epileptic drugs

Please note:

• This information is a guide only, and lists the usual daily doses of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs). The dose taken may be different to those listed above.
  
• Treatment of neonatal seizures (from birth to 28 days of age) is not covered.
  
• Most doses are listed as ‘mg/kg’: this means milligrams of AED per kg of the child’s weight.
  
• Children starting AED treatment at the age of 12 may start on adult doses. Some AEDs are only used for children aged 12 and over (including eslicarbazepine acetate, lacosamide, perampanel, pregabalin, retigabine and tiagabine).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘twice daily’ (for example ‘5mg/kg twice daily’). This means that the dose listed is taken each time (and so the total daily dose will be double that listed).
  
• Some AED doses are listed as ‘divided into 2 (or 3) doses’ (for example ‘25 - 30mg/kg daily divided into 2 doses’). This means that the total amount listed is divided into two to give the dose taken each time.
  
• ‘Effective’ means the seizures it works for. ‘Monotherapy’ means the AED is taken on its own. ‘Add-on therapy’ means the AED is taken alongside other AEDs. ‘Tolerance’ means that a drug becomes less effective the longer you take it.
  
• Information for this page comes from sources including the British National Formulary (BNF), the British National Formulary for children (BNFC) and the electronic medicines Compendium (eMC). The side effects listed here are some of the most common possible side effects and may be worded differently in the patient information leaflet for the AED. Doctors may refer to the BNF/BNFC for starting doses and how to increase doses. For more details, and a complete list of side effects, visit www.medicines.org.uk/guides/epilepsy (opens new window).
  
• Every effort is made to ensure that all information is correct at time of publishing but information may change after publication. This information is not a substitute for advice from your doctor. Epilepsy Society is not responsible for any actions taken as a result of using this information.